Pmbok.

the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide), published in 1996. The scope of the project to update the 1996 publication was to: Add new material reflecting the growth of the knowledge and practices in the field of project management by capturing those practices, tools, techniques,

Pmbok.. 第六版《项目管理知识体系指南》(《pmbok® 指南》) 勘误表(第三次印刷) 注:以下勘误表仅适用于第一次和第二次印刷的第六版《项目管理知识体系指南》(《pmbok ® 指南》)。 要确 认图书(或pdf)的印刷版本,请参见版权页(声明页和目录之前)的底部。

The five PMBOK process groups are: Initiating Process Group: Processes required to launch a new project or a new project phase. Planning Process Group: Processes related to defining and planning the extent of the project, as well as planning how it will be executed. Executing Process Group: Processes related to the completion of project ...

This is my complete PMBOK 7th Edition Tutorial, covering everything you need to know about the PMBOK Guide 7th Edition. DOWNLOAD MY FREE PMBOK Guide 7th...Experienced Planning, Scheduling, and Cost Control Especially Construction Detail Work… · Pengalaman: PanAust · Pendidikan: Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) · Lokasi: Area DKI Jakarta · 500+ koneksi di LinkedIn. Lihat profil Yanda Satria Hadi Surya, PMP®, PMI-SP, RMP di LinkedIn, sebuah komunitas profesional dengan 1 miliar anggota.PMI and PMBOK Explained. Project Management. PMI stands for the Project Management Institute. This is the leading not-for-profit professional organisation for project managers. The Project Management Institute offers resources and research, advocacy and training. It also provides CAPM and PMP certifications that are recognisable qualifications ...The Standard for Program Management - Fifth Edition. Business Analysis for Practitioners - SECOND Edition. PMI Standards & Guides. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - Seventh Edition and The Standard for Project Management (ENGLISH) The Standard for Risk Management in Portfolios, Programs, and Projects.PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide …PMBOK Guide je procesně orientovaná metodika. Cíle je dosahováno pomocí definovaných procesů. Každý proces má určeny své vstupy a výstupy a techniky a návody, jak by měl být prováděn. V edici 2008 je každý proces doplněn diagramem datových toků, tak aby byla jasná provázanost jednotlivých procesů. Metodiku tvoří 5 ...The PMBOK® Guide - Sixth Edition now contains detailed information about agile; while the Agile Practice Guide, created in partnership with Agile Alliance®, serves as a bridge to connect waterfall and agile. Together they are a powerful tool for project managers.

PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide …The five PMBOK process groups are: Initiating Process Group: Processes required to launch a new project or a new project phase. Planning Process Group: Processes related to defining and planning the extent of the project, as well as planning how it will be executed. Executing Process Group: Processes related to the completion of project ...There are five process groups of the PMBOK. These are: Initiating process group: These are processes needed to kick start a new project or a new phase of a project. Planning process group: These are processes that define and layout a plan of how to go about the project, as well as how to execute it. Executing process group: These are processes ... A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide) – Seventh Edition and The Standard for Project Management Project Management Institute Global Headquarters 14 Campus Boulevard Newtown Square, PA 19073 USA Tel: +1 610 356 4600 PMI.org PMBOK_Guide_7thED_cover_spread.indd 1 5/3/21 4:57 PM The PMBOK 7 can also be compared and contrasted with other project management frameworks and methodologies, such as Lean, Scrum, Kanban, XP, and others. Each of these frameworks has its own ...PMI has recruited volunteers to create industry standards, such as "A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge", which has been recognized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). In 2012 ISO adapted the project management processes from the PMBOK Guide 4th edition. Bio from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Read full bioA Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge Third Edition ® (PMBOK Guide) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data rd A guide to the project management body of knowledge: PMBOK guide. - 3 ed. p. cm Includes index. ISBN 1-930699-45-X 1. Project management.Jan 11, 2024 · PMBOK is not a methodology. It is a process-based framework consisting of the best practices for project management. PMBOK provides a structured approach and guidelines for project management, encompassing knowledge areas and processes. But, it doesn’t specify a methodology or detailed steps to be followed.

Bring the power of project management to your team. Grow your business or non-profit with the very same building blocks trusted by many of the world's top organizations. View Resources to Advance Your Organization. Welcome to PMI! Explore our project management certifications, resources, and global community to unleash your potential and ... PMBOK stands for Project Management Body of Knowledge, and it is the entire collection of processes, best practices, terminologies, and guidelines that are accepted as standard within the project management industry. PMBOK is considered valuable for companies as it helps them standardize practices across various departments, tailor processes to ... A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)—Fifth Edition. Kenneth H. Rose PMP, Kenneth H. Rose PMP. Reviewer. Director, Peninsula Center for Project Management in Hampton, VA, USA. Winner of the 2006 PMI David I. Cleland Project Management Literature Award.The PMBOK as it was known in 1987 was more or less a collection of terms, phrases and definitions common to the field of project management. Instead of knowledge areas, the document referred to “functions” of project management. In 1996 the PMBOK ® Guide was developed through a team led by William R. Duncan, then Director of Standards. The ...Descarga el PMBOK Quinta edición español.pdf, una guía de referencia para la gestión de proyectos basada en los estándares del PMI. Aprende las mejores prácticas y metodologías para planificar, ejecutar y controlar tus proyectos.Mining Engineer. Mar 2023 - Sep 2023 7 bulan. North Kalimantan, Indonesia. • Create a daily and weekly stage plan to achieve the target and plan the daily movement of a total of 13 excavators 200Ton class. • Evaluate and analyze actual daily performance with real-time production performance reports. • Collaborate with the continuous ...

Schwabadvisorcenter.

The PMBOK® Guide —our flagship publication, now in its seventh edition—has evolved to meet your needs. Get Yours. These standards provide a foundation for project …The Project Management Body of Knowledge ( PMBOK) is a set of standard terminology and guidelines (a body of knowledge) for project management. The body of knowledge …PMBOK とは Project Management Body of Knowledge の頭文字を取って作られたビジネス用語で、プロジェクトマネジメントの知識体系のことを指します。. PMBOK の読み方は「ピンボック」です。. プロジェクトを計画通りに遂行するには、適切な管理が必要不可欠となり ...PMBOK Guide. 7 Edition for the PMP exam may take place in the 2. nd. half of 2021. 64. ©2021, Oliver F. Lehmann, How the PMBOK Guide® Connects to PMI Certifications. Other PMI exams. Adoption of the PMBOK Guide 7th Edition may take place later. PMI is rethinking the future of various certification.In the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) the process groups are the chronological phases that the project goes through, and the knowledge areas occur throughout any time during the process groups. The process groups are horizontal, and the knowledge areas are vertical. They are the core technical subject matter of the project management profession, and they bring the project to life.Mining Engineer. Mar 2023 - Sep 2023 7 bulan. North Kalimantan, Indonesia. • Create a daily and weekly stage plan to achieve the target and plan the daily movement of a total of 13 excavators 200Ton class. • Evaluate and analyze actual daily performance with real-time production performance reports. • Collaborate with the continuous ...

A set of navigation buttons is provided on the first page of the PMBOK® Guide. The "Navigation Links" button at the bottom of every subsequent page will return you to this starting point. The "Acronyms" button below every "Navigation Links" button provides "at-hand" definitions of every acronym used in the PMBOK® Guide.ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR) Page_number_confidence. 95.62. Ppi. 300. Scanner. Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.6.4. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) is PMI's flagship publication and is a fundamental resource for effective project... roect anagement nstitute nc All rights resered Value rinciples o roect anagement Stewardship Systems Thinking Complexity Team eadership Risk Stakeholders May 12, 2023 · According to PMBOK, these are ‘processes that are necessary to monitor, evaluate, and control the progress and performance of a project, identifying all the areas in the plan that require changes, and initiating those changes.’. Examples of activities in this phase are managing costs, scheduling, and the focus on scope. 5. Jan 1, 2013 · The PMBOK® Guide distinguishes between dedicated and part-time project teams, which reflects the “real world” environment in which project operate in. This edition continues to expand the role of interpersonal skills as the “soft skills” are becoming a critical aspect for successfully leading and managing projects. changes in the environment may have added new stakeholders. As with many other aspects of project management, a good way of identifying stakeholders is to check the list of stakeholders from similar projects the organization has completed in the past. It may remind you of some stakeholders that you might otherwise forget about.There are five process groups of the PMBOK. These are: Initiating process group: These are processes needed to kick start a new project or a new phase of a project. Planning process group: These are processes that define and layout a plan of how to go about the project, as well as how to execute it. Executing process group: These are processes ...Thankfully, the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) gives us a strong foundation in this area. Project Cost Management is the fourth of 10 project management knowledge areas within the PMBOK. It contains 4 processes. Three of these occur in the planning process group as they involve the determination of the project budgets.

According to PMBOK, these are 'processes that are necessary to monitor, evaluate, and control the progress and performance of a project, identifying all the areas in the plan that require changes, and initiating those changes.'. Examples of activities in this phase are managing costs, scheduling, and the focus on scope. 5.

Curious about the PMBOK® Guide - 7th Edition?This is the course for you. This course, the PMBOK® Guide 7: Everything You Need to Know, is an in-depth explanation of what's new, what's changed, and what's gone in this new tome on project management.. In this seminar, we will discuss the big picture of the PMBOK® Guide - 7th edition, the new project performance domains, tailoring the project ...Get an overview of the PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition. Learn about the key changes introduced in this edition, as well as what sparked these new approaches to project …PMBOK Guide je procesně orientovaná metodika. Cíle je dosahováno pomocí definovaných procesů. Každý proces má určeny své vstupy a výstupy a techniky a návody, jak by měl být prováděn. V edici 2008 je každý proces doplněn diagramem datových toků, tak aby byla jasná provázanost jednotlivých procesů. Metodiku tvoří 5 ...ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR) Page_number_confidence. 95.62. Ppi. 300. Scanner. Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.6.4. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) is PMI's flagship publication and is a fundamental resource for effective project...The new exam is based on the PMBOK Guide, 6th Edition, with updates from the Role Delineation Study. Includes enhanced descriptions of the concepts and the terms and definitions! The ideal complement to your PMP Exam preparation allowing you to practice the terms, definitions, and concepts associated with the PMP exam.The PMBOK® Guide includes the Standard for Project Management, which is an accepted American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard. As such, ANSI requires all standards undergo a review and an update as necessary every five to 10 years. Historically, PMI has updated the PMBOK® Guide every four years since 2009.1. There must be a project as defined in the PMBOK, and not just a task or an ongoing activity. The logic of this should be self-evident. PM is a tool for effective and efficient management of projects. It is not necessarily a useful or an appropriate system for ongoing factory production or for making a phone call. 2.Article by: Ben Janse. Last update: May 12, 2023. PMBOK: This article provides a practical explanation of PMBOK. In addition to explaining what it is, this article also explains why …

Roundpoin.

Infohoa.

PMBOK is a valuable resource for project managers and organizations seeking a structured and standardized approach to project management. It offers a comprehensive set of best practices, processes, and guidelines that can enhance project success. However, the choice of project management approach should always consider …The PMBOK® Guide distinguishes between dedicated and part-time project teams, which reflects the "real world" environment in which project operate in. This edition continues to expand the role of interpersonal skills as the "soft skills" are becoming a critical aspect for successfully leading and managing projects.PMBOK Séptima Edición - PMI. René Saavedra Gómez. See Full PDF Download PDF. See Full PDF Download PDF. Related Papers. Resumen del PMBOK. Alex Shamir Fernández Rubio. Resumen del PMBOK. Download Free PDF View PDF. PMBOK Quinta edición español copia. Antonio Silva Santisteban Avalos.The agile approach has helped numerous software development teams deliver projects that meet client expectations. Yet many IT project managers do not incorporate this approach into their methodology--often because they fail to understand how to integrate agile and PMBOK Guide techniques. This paper examines how project …PMBOK, 6th Edition, Section 8.1.3.1, "Quality Management Plan". The quality management plan is a component of the project management plan that describes how the applicable policies, procedures, and guidelines will be implemented to achieve the quality objectives. It describes the activities and resources necessary for the project management ...members can purchase the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition in an eBook and print formats via IPG, Eurospan, and other resellers. 11. How much will it cost? The list price of the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition is US$99. PMI members are able to access a digital PDF version of the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition in English for free and can ...PMI's Standards and Publications department announces that it is initiating development to revise The PMBOK® Guide. Building upon the Principles-based Seventh Edition, extensive market research has been conducted to understand best practices in the field and content required to serve the needs of the project management community. PMI offers project management certifications to help you advance through every stage of your career. Our certifications empower you to work in any industry across the globe and with any project management methodology. They’re based on rigorous standards and ongoing research to meet the demands of real-world projects and organizations. 44. 46. 48. 50. 52. 54. 2021 PMP Exam uses the 6th Edition as one of the many sources for questions on the PMP – but not the basis for the Exam. 2021 PMP Exam integrates Agile and Hybrid content into the exam (50% of process) The 7th Edition is not finalized, therefore Certification has not seen the content. ….

professional. The PMBOK® Guide contains the fundamental practices that all project managers need to attain high standards for project excellence. More than 2 million copies of the PMBOK® Guide are currently in use. In the time since the publication of the PMBOK® Guide – Third Edition, PMI has received thousands of valuablePMBOK commonalities include parts of Project Integration Management as well as Project Scope, Risk, and Stakeholder Management. While there are clear commonalities between the BABOK and PMBOK Knowledge Areas, each has its own uniqueness when explored in depth. An orientation to project management versus business analysis is a clear distinction.Step 7 - Save PDF File on your device. When prompted, select “Save” to save the PDF to your device. Download the Previous Edition. PMI members can still download the PMBOK ® Guide, 6th Edition. Simply scroll down on the same page and you’ll see the section PMBOK ® Guide - Sixth Edition with a drop down list for language …Against this backdrop, the Project Management Institute (PMI) deemed it necessary to update the PMBOK® Guide and reflect these contemporary demands and challenges. In this article, we’ll take you through the updates in the PMBOK® Guide 7th Edition. Although it isn’t included in the 2021 PMP exam, it pays to have up-to-date industry ...PMBOK Guide je procesně orientovaná metodika. Cíle je dosahováno pomocí definovaných procesů. Každý proces má určeny své vstupy a výstupy a techniky a návody, jak by měl být prováděn. V edici 2008 je každý proces doplněn diagramem datových toků, tak aby byla jasná provázanost jednotlivých procesů. Metodiku tvoří 5 ...members can purchase the PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition in an eBook and print formats via IPG, Eurospan, and other resellers. 11. How much will it cost? The list price of the PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition is US$99. PMI members are able to access a digital PDF version of the PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition in English for free and …PMBOK defines 49 processes that fall into the process groups and knowledge areas mentioned above. These processes provide a step-by-step guide on how to manage projects. Here are a few examples: Develop Project Charter (Initiating): This process involves creating a project charter that formally authorizes the project's existence. It includes ...PMI members have determined that honesty, responsibility, respect and fairness are the values that drive ethical conduct for the project management profession. PMI's Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct applies those values to the real-life practice of project management, where the best outcome is the most ethical one.roect anagement nstitute nc All rights resered Value rinciples o roect anagement Stewardship Systems Thinking Complexity Team eadership Risk Stakeholders Pmbok., This copy is a PMI member benefit, not for distribution, sale or reproduction. II A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) — Fourth Edition ©2008 Project Management Institute, 14 Campus Blvd., Newtown Square, PA 19073-3299 USA, What is PMBOK? PMBOK stands for Project Management Body of Knowledge. Being familiar with PMBOK can help you to be familiar with the standardized processes for project management. It is an especially valuable tool for those studying for the Project Management Professional (PMP) Certification exam. However, it is useful for other reasons as well., The five PMBOK process groups are: Initiating Process Group: Processes required to launch a new project or a new project phase. Planning Process Group: Processes related to defining and planning the extent of the project, as well as planning how it will be executed. Executing Process Group: Processes related to the completion of project ..., ased on draft in development Project Performance Domains Stakeholder Project Work Uncertainty Team Delivery Planning Development Approach & Life Cycle , PMBOK is a valuable resource for project managers and organizations seeking a structured and standardized approach to project management. It offers a comprehensive set of best practices, processes, and guidelines that can enhance project success. However, the choice of project management approach should always consider …, Managing Change in Organizations: A Practice Guide. Go in-depth on the change management processes discussed in our foundational standards. This guide helps project and program managers to identify and account for change elements within a project or…. Practice guides provide supporting information and instruction to help organizations and ..., fourth printing of the PMBOK® Guide - Sixth Edition. In order to verify the print run of your book (or PDF), refer to the bottom of the copyright page. The last numeral in the string beginning with "10 9 8" etc., denotes the printing of that particular copy. Copies of the corrected pages are attached for convenience., Get an overview of the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition. Learn about the key changes introduced in this edition, as well as what sparked these new approaches to project management., The latest version of the PMBOK Guide (A Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge) is 7th edition. It was released in August 2021. The current PMP exam (Project Management Professional) is not based on any particular book but is aligned to three PMI publications viz. PMBOK Guide seventh edition, Process Groups Practice …, Programs have proven vital to implementing strategic initiatives—and critical to organizational success. The Standard for Program Management - Fourth Edition is the definitive guide for individuals and organizations seeking to mature their program management practices. It is principle-based, making it a powerful tool for a broad range of organizations, regardless of project delivery approach., The PMBOK as it was known in 1987 was more or less a collection of terms, phrases and definitions common to the field of project management. Instead of knowledge areas, the document referred to “functions” of project management. In 1996 the PMBOK ® Guide was developed through a team led by William R. Duncan, then Director of Standards. The ..., roect anagement nstitute nc All rights resered Value rinciples o roect anagement Stewardship Systems Thinking Complexity Team eadership Risk Stakeholders , The PMI framework of project management consists of 49 processes which are categorized in 10 knowledge areas as set out in the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®, 6 th edition). This is based on the philosophy that project management consists of a one-off and recurring processes for which the PMBOK describes common good practices. , The PMBOK® Guide serves as a reference for anyone interested in project management by focusing on knowledge and practices applicable to "most projects most of the time". The general consensus is that the PMBOK® Guide is valuable and useful. In fact, the PMBOK® Guide has become the de facto global, standard for project management.With over 1,000,000 copies of the PMBOK® Guide in circulation ..., PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the …, Traditional PMBOK, or Project Management Body of Knowledge, is a set of standards and best practices for project management. Traditional PMBOK projects are planned in detail upfront, and follow a ..., Partie 1 Guide du Corpus des connaissances en management de projet (Guide PMBOK®) Page Correction 75 et 76 Figures 4-2 et 4-3. Suppression de la ligne plan de gestion des bénéfices comme données d'entrée pour les documents business. 98 et 99 Figures 4-8 et 4-9. Suppression de la ligne critères de sélection des sources comme, PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide …, The PMBOK® Guide includes the Standard for Project Management, which is an accepted American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard. As such, ANSI requires all standards undergo a review and an update as necessary every five to 10 years. Historically, PMI has updated the PMBOK® Guide every four years since 2009., A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Fifth Edition EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 6/16/2018 10:56 PM via LAUREATE EDUCATION SERVICES AUSTRALIA AN: 565869 ; Project Management Institute.; Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)–Fifth Edition Account: …, PMI and PMBOK Explained. Project Management. PMI stands for the Project Management Institute. This is the leading not-for-profit professional organisation for project managers. The Project Management Institute offers resources and research, advocacy and training. It also provides CAPM and PMP certifications that are recognisable qualifications ..., Project management as a practice is rapidly growing and spreading worldwide, and is now seen globally as a recognized and strategic competency, a career path and a subject for …, PMI日本支部の概要、組織、活動等についてご紹介します。. PMI日本支部は、世界最大のプロジェクトマネジメント協会 (PMI)の日本における支部として、日本国内でのプロジェクトマネジメントの普及を目的に、さまざまなステークホルダーと共に活動してい ... , Since the PMBOK Guide has been approved by a recognized body (PMI), since it is intended for common and repeated use, since it provides a description of the characteristics of the project management process, and since compliance is not mandatory, it is a standard. But just in case you thought the problem was solved, ISO's Web page says that ..., PMBOK 7 principles. Be a diligent, respectful, and caring steward. Create a collaborative project team environment. Effectively engage with stakeholders. Focus on value. Recognize, evaluate, and respond to system interactions. Demonstrate leadership behaviors. Tailor based on context. Build quality into processes and deliverables., PMBOK, atau lengkapnya A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), adalah suatu buku yang memuat himpunan istilah dan pedoman untuk manajemen proyek yang diterbitkan oleh Project Management Institute (PMI). Edisi pertamanya diterbitkan pada tahun 1996 dan edisi kelima pada 2013 oleh Institusi Proyek Manajemen. Pedoman PMBOK membagi proyek menjadi 42 proses yang ..., Jan 11, 2024 · PMBOK is not a methodology. It is a process-based framework consisting of the best practices for project management. PMBOK provides a structured approach and guidelines for project management, encompassing knowledge areas and processes. But, it doesn’t specify a methodology or detailed steps to be followed. , Here are the ten key knowledge areas outlined in the PMBOK Guide. 1. Project integration management. Project integration management is an essential component of project …, Sep 1, 2023 · PMBOK(ピンボック)は「Project Management Body Knowledge」の略でプロジェクトマネジメントに関する手法やノウハウを体系的にまとめた参考書のようなものです。. PMBOKは1987年にアメリカに本部を置くPMI(Project Management Institute)という非営利団体が「A Guide to the ... , Real-Time Access to Real-World Insights. Access to PMI’s Standards and Guides, PLUS original, how-to content that helps you apply PMI’s Standards and Guides on the job in real time with this searchable digital solution. Search a selection of PMI standards and guides for quick reference. Browse a collection of original articles, case studies ..., Feb 9, 2023 · The PMBOK process map in Visual Paradigm serves as a guide for project managers to understand and implement PMBOK’s best practices in their projects. The PMBOK process map in Visual Paradigm covers the following five process groups: Initiating: Covers the processes involved in defining and authorizing a project or phase. , PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® …, The act of creating PMI's initial A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) was a massive undertaking involving numerous project management practitioners discussing and debating the finer points of the elements essential to the discipline. This article summarizes one of these discussions and debates, one that occurred as a workshop held during the 1985 PMI Seminars ...