Ap bio mcqs

a) chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase. What is a chromatid? b) a replicate chromosome. Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells? 32. If there are 20 chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there? 10.

Ap bio mcqs. Question 8. When an adult vervet monkey sees an eagle, it gives a specific alarm call (a short-double-syllabled cough). They are able to distinguish among eagle species and only sound the alarm for the two species that eat vervets. Infant vervet monkeys, however, give very undiscriminating alarm calls.

Oct 7, 2020 ... Add a comment... 16:21. Go to channel · 5 | MCQ (Set-Based Questions) | Practice Sessions | AP Biology. Advanced Placement•7.9K views · 34 ...

Notes on 2020 Exam Sample Question 2. 2020 Question 2 is modified from Free Response Question 4 in the Course and Exam Description, Conceptual Analysis. 2020 Question 2 is a 6-point question that presents students with an authentic scenario describing a biological phenomenon with a disruption. This question assesses students’ ability to do ...Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form.www.njctl.org AP Biology Ecology Use the choices below to categorize the interactions described in questions #14-17. I. Commensalism II. Mutualism III. Competition IV. Symbiosis V. Parasitism 14. Mistletoe is a plant that attaches to trees or shrubs. Special mistletoe structures called haustorium penetrate the branches of the trees and shrubs.The AP Biology Exam will test your understanding of the biological concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to utilize the scientific method and analyze data. You are allowed to use a four-function calculator (with square root), scientific, or graphing functions throughout exam. Exam Duration. 3hrs.The question stem may be as short as a single sentence, but it is not uncommon to see multiple paragraphs for a single question! In addition to words, many question stems will be accompanied by an equation, table, graph or figure. The next question is a typical Stand-Alone. 22. AB+energy→A+B. Which of the following best characterizes the ...3 multiple choice options. 3. A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and ... fitness. the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals. four causes of natural selection. 1) over-reproduction, 2) competition, 3) variation, 4) reproduction. Law of Supposition. 30 of 30. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for AP Biology Unit 4: Cell Communication & Cell Cycle Practice Test (Multiple Choice), so you can be ready for test day. Explore quizzes and practice tests created by teachers and students or create one from your course material.

Meiosis has two rounds of division and doubles the number of chromosomes in the second round of division, producing four diploid cells. D. Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells after one round of division. Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells after two rounds of division. ️Answer/Explanation.Check out our AP Bio Practice Portal, which is an easy-to-use database of 300+ AP-style MCQ and FRQ practice questions. Students love the Practice Portal because it includes answers and explanations for every problem, tracks progress, and saves time from Googling practice problems.2021 MCQ Practice Exam - AP Biology. The CFTR protein is made up of 1,480 amino acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the CFTRprotein in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the ...AP Biology Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Topics - Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding, Elements of Life, Introduction to Biological Macromolecules, Properties of Biological Macromolecules, Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules, Nucleic Acids Directions - For each question, choose the best answer (unless otherwise stated) Test …Chemicals that are secreted from antigen-presenting cells then activate helper T cells. B. A macrophage cell engulfs a pathogen in the blood. C. Antigens attaching to receptors on memory B cells stimulate the memory B cells to become plasma cells. D. Antigen-presenting cells engulf antigens at the first exposure.Apr 17, 2023 · In this video, we’ll unpack sample multiple-choice individual questions.Download questions here: https://tinyurl.com/mny4jx49Stay motivated and keep preparin... AP Physics C Mechanics; AP Biology; AP Chemistry; AP Calculus AB; AP Calculus BC; A Level Menu Toggle. A Level Math (9709) A level Bio (9700) iGCSE Menu Toggle. iGCSE Physics (0625) iGCSE Biology (0610) SAT Menu Toggle. SAT New Math; SAT English; KS 1-4 Menu Toggle. Year 2; Year 3; Year 4; Join/Login

When it comes to college football, the AP Top 25 Rankings are a significant factor that directly impacts recruiting efforts. These rankings have a profound influence on the percept... AP Biology Course and Exam Description. This is the core document for this course. It clearly lays out the course content and describes the exam and the AP Program in general. The CED was updated in the summer of 2020 to include scoring guidelines for the example questions. PDF. Section I of the AP Biology Exam consists of 60 multiple choice questions that have an exam weighting of 50%. You will have 90 minutes to answer the 60 …The AP Top 25 Football rankings are a highly anticipated and closely watched weekly ranking of the top college football teams in the United States. This ranking is determined by a ...Figure 1. Melanin synthesis pathway. The peptide hormone α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) activates a signal transduction pathway leading to the activation of MITF. MITF is a transcription factor that increases the expression of the TYR, TRP2, and TRP1 genes (Figure 2). Figure 2.Below are two different practice exams. The Review Guide Practice Exam has all of the questions from 2012 CED & 2020 CED. The 2013 AP Bio Practice Exam is the nationally released AP Practice Exam. (Note: They both are based on the old CED so there are questions that are no longer applicable). Review Guide Practice Exam.

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Practice for the AP Exams. The best way to prepare for an AP Exam is to participate in your AP class. It also helps to set aside consistent study time, complete all assignments from your teacher, and become familiar with the exam by practicing with exam questions created by AP. On AP Central, we release the free-response questions for exams ...This is a modified version of the 2013 AP Biology Exam. This practice exam is provided by the College Board for AP Exam preparation. Exams may not be posted on school or personal websites, nor electronically redistributed for any reason. Teachers are permitted to download the materials and make copies to use with the students in a classroom ...Topics for AP Biology Review. The College Board is very detailed in what they require your AP teacher to cover in his or her AP Biology course. These are the official Big Four Ideas: Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to ... Tip 1: Take Detailed Notes. Since you’re taking an advanced biology class, you probably know that taking notes will be important. But in order to get a 5 on the exam, you’ll need to be a detailed note-taker. Detailed note-taking means doing more than just listening and writing down a few key facts that you hear. The exam consists of two main sections — Multiple-Choice and Free-Response. Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) Section II: Free-Response Questions (FRQs) 1 hour and 30 minutes. 1 hour and 30 minutes. 60 questions. 2 long questions worth 8-10 points each and 4 short questions worth 4 points each. We only gave so many questions to use for review. My students haven’t done a single PPC or topic question as I wait to use them as AP Exam review. If you need some resources to study for your exam, check out: www.apbiopenguins.weebly.com. PS my students have their unit 6 exam tomorrow too… are you my student?

Notes on 2020 Exam Sample Question 2. 2020 Question 2 is modified from Free Response Question 4 in the Course and Exam Description, Conceptual Analysis. 2020 Question 2 is a 6-point question that presents students with an authentic scenario describing a biological phenomenon with a disruption. This question assesses students’ ability to do ...Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form.In today’s digital age, having a strong online presence is crucial for professionals in all industries. One important aspect of this is having a well-crafted professional bio that ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following best describes the processes occurring between the mouse populations and their environments?, Which of the following best explains the relationship between coat color and predation rate in the rock pocket mouse population on the lava flow rocks with respect to …60 of 60. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for AP Bio | 2020 Practice Exam 2 MCQ, so you can be ready for test day. Explore quizzes and practice tests created by teachers and students or create one from your course material.AP Biology: Unit 1 practice MCQ. Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water? Click the card to flip 👆. Hydrogen bonds form between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule. Click the card to flip 👆.Mar 6, 2021 ... Join us for a review with Tiffany Jones from AP Bio Penguins for a review of Unit 3 in AP Biology. Everything you need to know about the ...The right approach and resources can help you to pass with flying colors. Here we’ve compiled some detailed information to help you become acquainted with the …

Apr 14, 2014 · www.njctl.org AP Biology Ecology Use the choices below to categorize the interactions described in questions #14-17. I. Commensalism II. Mutualism III. Competition IV. Symbiosis V. Parasitism 14. Mistletoe is a plant that attaches to trees or shrubs. Special mistletoe structures called haustorium penetrate the branches of the trees and shrubs.

AP®︎/College Biology. 10 units · 54 skills. Unit 1. Chemistry of life. Unit 2. Cell structure and function. Unit 3. Cellular energetics. Unit 4. Cell communication and cell cycle. Unit 5. Heredity. Unit 6. Gene expression and regulation. Unit 7. …The exam consists of two main sections — Multiple-Choice and Free-Response. Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) Section II: Free-Response Questions (FRQs) 1 hour and 30 minutes. 1 hour and 30 minutes. 60 questions. 2 long questions worth 8-10 points each and 4 short questions worth 4 points each.Oct 7, 2020 ... Add a comment... 16:21. Go to channel · 5 | MCQ (Set-Based Questions) | Practice Sessions | AP Biology. Advanced Placement•7.9K views · 34 ...A. Helicase. B. DNA polymerase. C. DNA ligase. D. RNA primase. Submit. AP Biology Practice Test: Gene Expression and Regulation. This test contains 11 AP biology practice questions with detailed explanations, to be completed in 17 minutes.The animals in population A were reproductively isolated from those in populations B, C, and D. Which of the following statements best predicts the result of a comparison between the fossils found before and after the period of rapid change? Most of the species found in the first static period will be absent in the second static period. » Do AP Biology Practice Tests » Download AP Biology Practice Tests » Best AP Biology Books; More AP Tests. AP Biology Test 1; AP Biology Test 2; AP Biology Test 3; AP Biology Test 4; AP Biology Test 5; AP Biology Test 6; AP Biology Test 7; AP Biology Test 8; AP Biology Test 9; AP Biology Test 10; AP Biology Test 11; AP Biology Test 12; AP ... 30 of 30. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for AP Biology Unit 4: Cell Communication & Cell Cycle Practice Test (Multiple Choice), so you can be ready for test day. Explore quizzes and practice tests created by teachers and students or create one from your course material.Questions 3–8 are short free-response questions that require about 6 minutes each to answer. Questions 3–5 are worth 4 points each and questions 6–8 are worth 3 points each. Read each question carefully and completely. You are advised to spend the 10-minute reading period planning your answers. You may begin writing your responses before ...

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AP Biology - Unit 1 Progress Check: MCQ. 18 terms. adrianna_kim2. Preview. AP Bio Unit 1 Test Multiple Choice. 109 terms. DavisMara. Preview. Unfamiliar adjectives . 22 terms. zhangtengyi. Preview. english 3. 9 terms. lincoln_nickell1. Preview. Terms in this set (34) Which list of components characterizes RNA.Notes on 2020 Exam Sample Question 2. 2020 Question 2 is modified from Free Response Question 4 in the Course and Exam Description, Conceptual Analysis. 2020 Question 2 is a 6-point question that presents students with an authentic scenario describing a biological phenomenon with a disruption. This question assesses students’ ability to do ... Practice multiple choice questions for AP Biology Unit 4 with Quizlet flashcards and get instant feedback on your answers. 30 of 30. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for AP Biology Unit 4: Cell Communication & Cell Cycle Practice Test (Multiple Choice), so you can be ready for test day. Explore quizzes and practice tests created by teachers and students or create one from your course material.AP Biology | Unit 4 MCQ Practice Questions. An antigen can induce an immune response in a host organism. Antigens are targeted by antibodies that are produced by the organism's immune system in response to contact with the antigen. Antibodies are specific to antigens. Many different cell types are involved in immune responses.Question 2. There are several emergent properties of water that contribute its powerful affect on living organisms. These emerging properties are mostly due to: A. The abundance of water on Earth. B. The hydrogen bonds linking water molecules together. C. Water’s ability to moderate pH.AP Biology Unit 4: Cell Communication & Cell Cycle Topics - Cell Communication, Introduction to Singal Transduction, Singal Transduction, Changes to Signal Transduction Pathways, Feedback, Cell Cycle, Regulation of Cell Cycle Directions - For each question, choose the best answer (unless otherwise stated) Test Period - You have 22 minutes 30 seconds to answer 30 questions2. Don't leave questions blank. The AP Biology exam used to take off one-fourth point for each wrong answer. This is no longer the case. You should bubble in an answer for each multiple-choice question. 3. Be on the lookout for trick wording! Always pay attention to words or phrases such as "least," "most," "not," "incorrectly," and "does not ...There’s three steps to preparing for the AP Exam : study, practice and review. Study : Start by studying the general concepts from every unit of the AP exam. Look over any material and tests from class this year, and go through these AP Biology study guides. AP Practice : Acing the exam is all about being able to recall the information ...In the world of education and assessment, technology has revolutionized the way we approach testing and evaluation. One of the key advantages of online testing platforms for MCQ qu...In the competitive world of real estate, it’s crucial for agents to find ways to stand out from the crowd. One effective way to do this is by crafting an engaging and informative b...Class 4 Math Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) tests can be challenging for students. However, with the right study techniques, you can improve your performance and excel in these tes... ….

Practice for the AP Exams. The best way to prepare for an AP Exam is to participate in your AP class. It also helps to set aside consistent study time, complete all assignments from your teacher, and become familiar with the exam by practicing with exam questions created by AP. On AP Central, we release the free-response questions for exams ...18%. The epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR is a cell surface receptor. When a growth factor binds to EGFR, the receptor is activated. The activated EGFR triggers a signal transduction pathway, which leads to increased frequency of cell division. Which of the following best predicts the effect of a mutation that causes EGFR to be active in ...In addition to the AP Biology Practice Tests and AP Biology tutoring, you may also want to consider taking some of our AP Biology Diagnostic Tests. The AP Biology exam is divided into two sections. The first section consists of 63 multiple-choice questions and 6 mathematical grid-in responses. The multiple-choice questions are mostly ...Ap Biology- Cellular respiration 43 PRACTICE QUESTIONS. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is further metabolized in the Krebs cycle. A researcher measured the accumulation of acetyl-CoA in a reaction containing pyruvate and pyruvate dehydrogenase under several different conditions (Figure 1).Jan 29, 2024 · We can analyze the average AP® Biology score more efficiently by considering a multi-year trend. We can refer to the AP® Student Score Distributions, released by the College Board annually. These reports show us that the mean score in 2014 it was 2.91, 2015 was 2.91, 2016 was 2.85, 2017 was 2.90, 2018 was 2.87, 2019 was 2.92 and 3.04 in 2020. 10 Hardest AP Biology Questions. Final Tips. This post will cover some of the most difficult AP Biology questions and explain how to ace them. We’ll also give tips on how to study for the exam, what sorts of questions you’ll encounter, and how to space out your time. After reading this post, you’ll be better prepared to score well on the ...Question 2. There are several emergent properties of water that contribute its powerful affect on living organisms. These emerging properties are mostly due to: A. The abundance of water on Earth. B. The hydrogen bonds linking water molecules together. C. Water’s ability to moderate pH.50% of the points are from multi-choice exam questions. 50% of the points are from free-response questions. The AP Bio FRQ (Free Response Questions) cover the following: - Question 1 Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results - Question 2: Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing - Question 3: Scientific Investigation - …Biology Practice Exam From the 2013 Administration This is a modified version of the 2013 AP Biology Exam. This Practice Exam is provided by the College Board for AP Exam preparation. Teachers are permitted to download the materials and make copies to use with their students in a classroom setting only. To maintain the security of this exam, teachers … Ap bio mcqs, 60 of 60. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for AP Bio | 2020 Practice Exam 2 MCQ, so you can be ready for test day. Explore quizzes and practice tests created by teachers and students or create one from your course material., a. all species were fixed at the time of creation b. acquired physical characteristics can be inherited c. the giraffe's long neck is the result of artificial selection d. the main mechanism of evolution is natural selection e. the interaction of organisms with their environment is important to the evolutionary process., During drought years on ..., AP Biology Unit 7 MCQ. 42 terms. Emily_WorcesterDSMS. Preview. Unit 7 Progress Check: MCQ Part B. 18 terms. Stevec02041. Preview. Protein Synthesis and DNA Replication., Jun 4, 2021 · The question stem may be as short as a single sentence, but it is not uncommon to see multiple paragraphs for a single question! In addition to words, many question stems will be accompanied by an equation, table, graph or figure. The next question is a typical Stand-Alone. 22. AB+energy→A+B. Which of the following best characterizes the ... , The Complete AP Biology Review Guide for 2023. Reviewing for the AP Biology exam can seem daunting. There's so much material to cover, and much of it is highly complex. However, if you plan your time well and use appropriate study materials and strategies, you can expect a great score on the exam. In this article, I'll give you an overview of ..., This is a modified version of the 2013 AP Biology Exam. This practice exam is provided by the College Board for AP Exam preparation. Exams may not be posted on school or personal websites, nor electronically redistributed for any reason. Teachers are permitted to download the materials and make copies to use with the students in a classroom ..., The AP Biology exam is three hours long, with two sections that take up an hour and a half each. The multiple-choice section has 60 questions, and the free-response section has six questions. The content of the exam spans four major themes, or Big Ideas, that are central to the course. These include the following:, Tip 1: Take Detailed Notes. Since you’re taking an advanced biology class, you probably know that taking notes will be important. But in order to get a 5 on the exam, you’ll need to be a detailed note-taker. Detailed note-taking means doing more than just listening and writing down a few key facts that you hear., d. the number of neutrons in the outermost energy level. the pH of water to go down. When HCl is dissolved in water, it makes H+ ions and Cl- ions. This causes _____. a. the pH of the water to go up. b. a pH reading of 15. c. the pH of the water to go down. d. a pH reading of 7. It is a universal solvent., AP®︎/College Biology. 10 units · 54 skills. Unit 1. Chemistry of life. Unit 2. Cell structure and function. Unit 3. Cellular energetics. Unit 4. Cell communication and cell cycle. Unit 5. Heredity. Unit 6. Gene expression and regulation. Unit 7. …, Chemicals that are secreted from antigen-presenting cells then activate helper T cells. B. A macrophage cell engulfs a pathogen in the blood. C. Antigens attaching to receptors on memory B cells stimulate the memory B cells to become plasma cells. D. Antigen-presenting cells engulf antigens at the first exposure., Notes on 2020 Exam Sample Question 2. 2020 Question 2 is modified from Free Response Question 4 in the Course and Exam Description, Conceptual Analysis. 2020 Question 2 is a 6-point question that presents students with an authentic scenario describing a biological phenomenon with a disruption. This question assesses students’ ability to do ..., 20 free AP biology practice tests. Over 200 AP biology practice questions to help you with your AP biology exam prep., Practice multiple choice questions for AP Biology Unit 4 with Quizlet flashcards and get instant feedback on your answers., Sol: (a) Chemical signaling. Which of the following statements is true about cell signaling? (a) In plants, the cell signaling occurs through phytohormones. (b) Cell signaling is used to study the context of human diseases. (c) Cell signaling is used to study the signaling between cells of an organism. (d) All of the above., a. all species were fixed at the time of creation b. acquired physical characteristics can be inherited c. the giraffe's long neck is the result of artificial selection d. the main mechanism of evolution is natural selection e. the interaction of organisms with their environment is important to the evolutionary process., During drought years on ..., Notes on 2020 Exam Sample Question 2. 2020 Question 2 is modified from Free Response Question 4 in the Course and Exam Description, Conceptual Analysis. 2020 Question 2 is a 6-point question that presents students with an authentic scenario describing a biological phenomenon with a disruption. This question assesses students’ ability to do ..., Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a disorder of red blood cells that causes the cells to be smaller and spherical instead of having the usual flattened, biconcave shape. The average diameter of normal red blood cells is 7.2μm, and the average diameter of red blood cells in a person with HS was found to be 6.7μm. , MCQs or multiple choice questions is one of the best ways to test a student’s comprehension of a concept. Our subject-matter experts have prepared these Biology MCQs based on current trends and practices. Furthermore, the questions presented will be beneficial for competitive examinations as well. The content is updated regularly, with the ..., Here are a document to years of past MCQ questions and a site with hundreds of practice questions taken from prep books like Barron's and Princeton Review. b-ok.cc. Crackap.com. They take questions from prep books and such and compile them into an online format for free. Do official practice exams from recent years., C. The joining of small molecules into macromolecules. D. The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible. Question 7. In zebras, the striped pattern is determined by a series of genes that “turn on” the production of melanin (a dark pigment) on only certain parts of the body., Advanced Placement (AP) Practice tests can help you get familiar with the structure of the AP Biology exam and feel more comfortable with the types of questions you'll be expected to answer on test day. Studying with …, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like R. C. Punnett conducted experiments on the inheritance of traits in the sweet pea, Lathyrus odoratus. In one experiment, he crossed two different true-breeding sweet pea plant strains, one with erect petals and long pollen, and the other with hooded petals and round pollen. All the …, In today’s fast-paced business environment, staying ahead of the competition requires finding innovative ways to streamline operations and increase productivity. One area that ofte..., AP® Biology. Enter your scores. Results. Section I: Multiple-Choice. /60. Section II: Free Response - Q1 - Long. /10. Section II: Free Response - Q2 - Long. /10. …, The AP Top 25 Football rankings are a highly anticipated and closely watched weekly ranking of the top college football teams in the United States. This ranking is determined by a ..., AP® Biology. Looking for an AP® Biology score calculator? Click here for this and more tips for your test! Review the processes and principles behind living organisms and their ecosystems through exam prep practice questions on scientific inquiry and models in Albert's AP Biology prep course., AP BIO ECOLOGY MCQ PRACTICE. 61 terms. Priyanka_Gadde5. Preview. Ecology and Evolution - Exam 1 HW. 25 terms. allieh2020. Preview. Biology Vocabulary 5/6. 29 terms ... , 2021 MCQ Practice Exam - AP Biology. The CFTR protein is made up of 1,480 amino acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the CFTRprotein in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the ..., Figure 1. AIP cascade producing hemolysin toxin. Identify the experimental design that would determine which AIP mimic would most effectively inhibit the production of hemolysin toxin. B. grow s. aureus in ___ culture media containing ___ AIPAIP mimic each and measure the production of hemolysin ___. The most ___ AIPAIP mimic will be in the ..., Question 8. When an adult vervet monkey sees an eagle, it gives a specific alarm call (a short-double-syllabled cough). They are able to distinguish among eagle species and only sound the alarm for the two species that eat vervets. Infant vervet monkeys, however, give very undiscriminating alarm calls., Figure 1. AIP cascade producing hemolysin toxin. Identify the experimental design that would determine which AIP mimic would most effectively inhibit the production of hemolysin toxin. B. grow s. aureus in ___ culture media containing ___ AIPAIP mimic each and measure the production of hemolysin ___. The most ___ AIPAIP mimic will be in the ..., www.njctl.org AP Biology Ecology Use the choices below to categorize the interactions described in questions #14-17. I. Commensalism II. Mutualism III. Competition IV. Symbiosis V. Parasitism 14. Mistletoe is a plant that attaches to trees or shrubs. Special mistletoe structures called haustorium penetrate the branches of the trees and shrubs.